In the 19th century, three currents emerged in Cuban society: those in favor of reform and Spanish rule - the reformists; those in favor of incorporating Cuba into the United States - the annexationists; and those in favor of independence - the independents.

The independence camp, which simultaneously endeavored to abolish slavery and establish democracy, gained wide support. In 1868, an anti-colonial uprising broke out that grew into a decade-long war that resulted in Spain granting the Cubans a seat in the Spanish Parliament.